Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common gynaecological issue that affects many women at different stages of their reproductive lives. It refers to any bleeding from the uterus that is irregular in timing, amount, or duration.
Understanding Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
AUB involves a range of menstrual irregularities:
- Heavy menstrual bleeding: Excessive or prolonged flow during periods.
- Irregular cycles: Variations in the regularity of menstrual periods.
- Bleeding between periods: Unexpected spotting outside of the usual menstrual cycle.
- Postmenopausal bleeding: Vaginal bleeding occurring after menopause has been established.
Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Several factors contribute to AUB:
- Hormonal Imbalance: Fluctuations in oestrogen and progesterone levels, often linked to conditions like PCOS or perimenopause.
- Uterine Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus leading to heavy or prolonged bleeding.
- Endometrial Polyps: Small growths in the uterine lining.
- Adenomyosis: When uterine lining tissue grows into the muscular wall.
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): Infections affecting reproductive organs.
- Pregnancy Complications: Such as miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.
- Medications: Including blood thinners or certain contraceptives.
- Underlying Medical Conditions: Such as thyroid disorders or bleeding disorders.
Symptoms of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
Symptoms vary based on the underlying cause:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding: Requiring frequent pad or tampon changes.
- Bleeding between periods: Unexpected spotting.
- Short or long menstrual cycles: Deviating from the typical 21 to 35 days.
- Bleeding after menopause: Any vaginal bleeding post-menopause.
Diagnosis and Evaluation
Diagnosing AUB involves:
- Medical History: Assessing menstrual patterns, symptoms, and relevant medical conditions.
- Physical Examination: Evaluating overall health and pelvic area.
- Blood Tests: Checking hormone levels and ruling out anemia.
- Imaging Tests: Such as ultrasound or MRI to assess the uterus and ovaries.
- Endometrial Biopsy: Taking tissue samples for further analysis, especially if cancer is suspected.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the cause:
- Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills or hormone-releasing IUDs to regulate cycles.
- NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce bleeding and pain.
- Surgical Procedures: Dilation and curettage, endometrial ablation, or hysterectomy for severe cases.
- Medication Adjustments: Addressing bleeding caused by specific medications.
- Lifestyle Changes: Managing weight, stress, and exercise to support reproductive health.
Prevention
While not always preventable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and promptly addressing menstrual irregularities can help manage symptoms and avoid complications.
Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common concern impacting women's quality of life. Recognizing symptoms, understanding causes, and seeking timely medical care are crucial for effective management and reproductive health. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience irregular bleeding to explore personalized treatment options and ensure long-term well-being.
